Phosphine resistance among stored product insect pests: A global meta-analysis-based perspective

Phosphine is the most common fumigant used for stored product protection, and its use intensified with the global phasing out of methyl bromide due to its ozone depletion characteristics. These use patterns led to phosphine resistance, which was subjected to a globe-wide survey in the 1970’s, but without a subsequent (global) update. Thus, the present work aimed to undertake a comprehensive review of the phosphine resistance literature published since the initial survey in 1975 until 2021. Next, meta-analyses were used to synthesize and quantify the resistance observed within the main insect pest species of stored products. Forty-six papers were recognized surveying 13 species of stored product insect species, encompassing 980 populations around the world; 72.96