Placenta acrreta spectrum-first trimester, 2D and 3D ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging findings

BackgroundThe term placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is commonly used to describe abnormal trophoblastic invasion of the myometrium, serosa, or organs adjacent to the uterus. It is of great obstetric importance because of its high morbidity, risk of hemorrhage, admission to the intensive care unit, risk of hysterectomy, and high risk of iatrogenic pelvic lesions and even death. These risks are minimized when prenatal diagnosis is performed. Prenatal diagnosis of PAS is based on imaging findings suggestive of abnormal and pathologically adherent placentation, including placental lacunae (intraplacental sonolucent spaces), disruption of the bladder-uterine serosa interface, turbulent flow on color Doppler, and bridging vessels.ObjectiveIn this article, we review the major prenatal imaging features of PAS using diagnostic modalities (first trimester, two-dimensional ultrasound, three-dimensional ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging) for the diagnosis of PAS. We review the major prenatal imaging features of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) using diagnostic modalities (first trimester, two-dimensional ultrasound, three-dimensional ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging) for the diagnosis of PAS.image