Astaxanthin as a metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis

Glucose and lipid metabolism are involved in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, and their dysregulation contributes directly to the development of metabolic disorders. The role of diet and functional foods is pivotal in the quest for non-pharmacological strategies to prevent and ameliorate physiological and biochemical dys-functions in metabolic disorders and comorbidities. In this view, the diverse marine ecosystem harbors and offers bioactive compounds with healthy potential. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid found in various marine organisms, holds great promise as a natural compound for promoting glucose and lipid homeostasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the positive effects of astaxanthin on glucose and lipid metabolism, including its impact on insulin signaling, glucose uptake and homeostasis, and lipid synthesis and turnover. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications of astaxanthin in developing targeted non-pharmacological prevention and interventions for metabolic disorders and comorbidities.