Recent Progress and Perspective of the Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Alcohols

Since the industrial revolution, energy demand has increased, resulting in an increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Increasing CO2 concentration contributes to global warming and climate change. Strategies to alleviate CO2 emissions by reducing fossil fuel usage and replacing them with renewable energy sources have been devised to resolve this issue. In addition, there are several ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations including capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS). Electrochemical conversion of CO2 is a value-added approach to reducing carbon dioxide emissions as well as producing valuable chemicals, feedstocks, and building blocks. In this review, we report on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to alcohols and the progress made over the past five years. Alcohols are critical liquid fuels with a higher energy density, ease of storage, and transportation. Herein, we discuss the possible mechanisms for converting CO2 to alcohols and various electrocatalysts employed for this conversion. Detailed studies compared the performances of the electrocatalysts based on the faradaic efficiency, current density, product selectivity, and stability. Furthermore, various types of electrochemical devices that can be used for the conversion of CO2 to alcohol are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further research are presented.