Ubiquitous occurrence of organogenic dolomite in a late Ediacaran limestone-dominated succession from the Eastern Yangtze Gorges area of South China

The widespread occurrence of dolostones in Paleozoic and Precambrian sequences stands in stark contrast to the difficulty of precipitating dolomite in experiments at low temperature under abiotic conditions. The discoveries of dolomite within modern microbial mats and the successful synthesis of proto-dolomite under ambient conditions catalyzed by various microorganisms and organic molecules lend support to the development of organogenic dolomite models. Despite this, convincing evidence for ancient primary dolomite precipitation is rare, mainly due to post-depositional modifications of original textures and mineralogy. Here we present petrographic, mineralogical and C-isotopic data of carbonates preserving primary sedimentary textures in the late Ediacaran Shibantan Member of the Dengying Formation from the eastern Yangtze Gorges area, South China. These carbonates are characterized by calcite layers intercalated with millimeter-thick, organic-rich layers that contain up to 50 % dolomite. Petrographic observations and Raman imaging show that the dolomite occurs preferentially in microbial mats and is closely associated with organic matter. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed the presence of Mg-rich nanoscopic carbonate aggregates and ribbon-like microstructures akin to mineralized extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in mat layers. These observations are inconsistent with replacive origins but instead support an organogenic origin for the Shibantan dolomite. The relatively high TOC (total organic carbon) contents and consistently positive delta C-13(carb) values (up to +4.8 parts per thousand) suggest enhanced burial of organic carbon produced in microbial mats during the Shibantan deposition. Subsequent organic degradation by microorganisms in anoxic, early diagenetic environments likely promoted the ubiquitous formation of organogenic dolomite in Shibantan microbial mats. Our study highlights the important roles of organogenic dolomites in interpreting the wide occurrence of Paleozoic and Precambrian dolostones.