Influence of Date Ripeness on Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Glycemic Response in Various Saudi Arabian Date Varieties

BackgroundDates have a special position in Middle Eastern countries, especially Saudi Arabia, and are essential to Arabic and Muslim diets. They are eaten in different forms according to their stage of maturation. In this study, we aimed to estimate the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and glycemic response of different stages of date fruit maturation.Materials and methodsThis prospective clinical trial was conducted at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Thirteen healthy participants, seven males and six females, received 50 g of glucose as reference food and 50 g of equivalent carbohydrates from three samples of Khalas dates and three samples of Barhi dates at different maturation stages (Khalal, Rutab, and Tamer). The GI, GL, and glycemic response for each type was calculated.ResultsThe calculated means +/- SD of GI of the different stages of date maturation were 60.57 +/- 25.93, which raged from 53 +/- 16.49 to 71.06 +/- 32.97. The Khalal stage had the highest GI value, while the Tamer stage had a low GI value of 69.14 and 53.09, respectively. The GL ranged from 7.81 to 18.81. The Rutab stage had the highest GL, whereas the Khalal stage had the lowest GL values of 17.66 +/- 6.94 and 9.64 +/- 4.72, respectively. There was no significant difference in GI between different date maturation stages (p = 0.48). However, the GL presented a significant difference (p = 0.001) between different maturation stages.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that the stage of date maturation can affect the GI, GL, and glycemic response results. Therefore, healthcare providers and dietitians should address the lower GI and GL stages of date maturation in choosing a suitable carbohydrate source for healthy and diabetic individuals.