Congenital ear malformation (CEM)

Background: At present, there are not international unified standards and reports on Congenital Ear Malformation (CEM) in the world, which makes it difficult to transfer information and compare the literature. Aims/objectives: Through the statistical analysis of a large sample of CEM, a unified standard of all aspects of CEM is proposed and the data are provided for reference, which is convenient for the international work and literature comparison in this field. Materials and methods: Based on the author's 30 years of clinical and scientific research work on CEM and the relevant cases of 3231 (4714 ears) in our hospital, and combined with literature, statistical analysis was made. Results: This paper summarizes the classification, definition, epidemiology, embryonic development, pathogenic factors of CEM and elaborates on the clinical manifestations, examination and sequence therapy of representative Congenital Malformation of the Middle and Outer Ear (CMMOE). We also introduce malformation of the auricle and inner ear, so as to cover the outer, middle and inner ear. At the same time, we introduce our achievements and contributions in this field. Conclusions and significance: This study provides reference to the international unified standard and treatment principle of the CEM.