Wide-characterization of high and low dry matter kiwifruit through spatiotemporal multi-omic approach

Despite the widespread use of dry matter content (DMC) as an indicator of kiwifruit quality, the physiological and molecular impact of DMC in fruit ripening remains unknown. Herein, the post-harvest physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic influence of DMC status on the pericarp and placenta tissue of 'Hayward' kiwifruit at harvest and at the onset of post-cold ripening was investigated. A segregation strategy based on DMC in commercially harvested kiwifruit was achieved with near-infrared spectroscopy for the estimation of DMC in individual fruits. Additionally, kiwifruits with distinct DMC levels were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1MCP) and systematically monitored for ripening changes (20 degrees C) at various intervals after cold storage (0 degrees C). Following 90 and 120 days of cold exposure, high DMC kiwifruit generally exhibited superior physiological characteristics, such as increased pericarp and placenta firmness, and soluble solid and starch contents compared to low DMC kiwifruit, regardless of the 1-MCP application. Evidence is also presented for 1-MCP delaying the ripening of low-DMC fruit to the level of the untreated high-DMC kiwifruit. An accumulation of primary metabolites, particularly sugars and polyphenolic compounds, such as catechin, chlorogenic acid and procyanidin B1/B2 was evidenced in the high DMC group. At harvest, gene expression analysis revealed minor differences between DMC groups, with beta-amylase being the highest up-regulated gene in high DMC kiwifruit. Moreover, the gene expression patterns between DMC groups became more distinct after cold storage. Genes related to starch biosynthesis (i.e., glucose-1-phosphate adenyltransferase), water movement (i.e., aquaporin), polyphenolic biosynthesis (i.e., chalcone synthase) and lipid metabolism (i.e., diacylglycerol acyltransferase) showed strong variations between low and high DMC. Interestingly, the placenta tissue displayed almost 4 times more than DMC-affected differentially expressed genes compared to the pericarp, highlighting the key role of the placenta in kiwifruit ripening, notably following 1-MCP treatment. This study provides insights into the tissuespecific ripening response between kiwifruit with distinct DMC, as well as the gene expression influenced by an interaction of 1-MCP and DMC level, thereby helping develop postharvest programs aimed at improving kiwifruit quality traits.