Entropy-based investigation of blood flow in elliptical multi-stenotic artery with hybrid nanofluid in a fuzzy environment: Applications as drug carriers for brain diseases

The growing stenosis alters the blood flow characteristics and causes different diseases of arteries such as Carotid artery, Peripheral artery, and Coronary artery diseases. The proposed study aims to investigate the blood-based hybrid nanofluid flow via a multi-stenotic elliptical artery. The nanoparticles are vital as drug carriers in curing arterial diseases with consequences like Carotid artery disease (causes brain diseases), Peripheral artery disease, etc., and other medical applications. The single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes are accounted as nanoparticles in blood. The mathematical equations have been transformed into dimensionless form and reduced non-linearity using mild case assumptions to get the exact solution. The local sensitivity analysis of temperature solution clarifies that the volume fraction of both types of nanoparticles is the most and equally influential parameter. The sensitivity of these parameters causes uncertainty in the temperature profile, and therefore, they are also analyzed in the fuzzy environment by considering them as triangular fuzzy numbers. The exact classical and fuzzy solutions are examined graphically in a comprehensive way. It is found that the non-symmetric stenosis shape and developing stenosis height cause to decline and grow the fluid's velocity, respectively, but the flow nature reverses near the wall of the stenotic elliptic artery. The temperature profile appeared more accurate in parabolic shape along the major axis, while a quick decrease occurred near the stenosed wall along the minor axis. Further, the temperature profile revealed as triangular fuzzy number of non-uniform shapes at various points inside the elliptic artery.