The Effect of Graphene Oxide and Putrescine on In Vitro Microtuberization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Agria at Nitrogen (NH4NO3) Deficiency Stress

Due to the fact that the use of nanomaterial technology has expanded in recent years in tissue culture studies, the present study is based on the use of graphene nanomaterials and has been studied its derivatives such as graphene oxide and graphene oxide with putrescine in different levels of Ammonium nitrate was studied for increase microtuberization efficiency . This study was performed with aim of to induce suitable environmental conditions for microtuberization and stimulate anatomical and biochemical changes for in vitro conditions on potato microtuberization of Agria cultivar.The general purpose of using these compounds is to increase the osmotic potential, as well as the possibility of increasing the amount of starch grains in cells by using these nanomaterials.Nitrogen content of control medium included control, 50 and 25 percent of nitrogen of MS medium. Graphene treatments were used as control (without graphene oxide), 25 and 50 mg / l graphene oxide (alone) and 25 and 50 mg / l graphene oxide with putrescine. In this experiment, the number of microtuber in the first, second and final month microtuber, as well as the number of microtuber sproute, number of eyes, average microtuber weight, diameter of microtubers and microtubers yield were evaluated.The results showed that the most positive response to microtuberization was obtained in treatments with 25 percent nitrogen and graphene oxide with putrecsine treatments. It was also observed that the reduction of 25 percent of the culture medium nitrogen and the addition of graphene oxide with putrescine increased the final microtuberization, while the microtuberization in the control treatment (without nitrogen reduction and without graphene oxide) showed the lowest percentage. On the other hand, the results showed that 25 percent nitrogen and 50 mg / l graphene oxide with putrescine had the highest average microtuber weight (39 mg) compared to the lowest average microtuber weight (graphene oxide with putrescine without nitrogen reduction treatment) that Showed 240 percent increase in microtuber weight. In general, the use of graphene oxide with putrescine and 25 percent nitrogen could have positive effects on the microtuberization.The general results showed that reducing the amount of nitrogen in the culture medium increases the amount of microtuberization and also its effective the use of graphene and graphene oxide with putrescine in microtuberization. The results of this experiment showed that the culture medium containing 25% nitrogen and graphene oxide with putrescine were the most suitable treatments for this experiment.