Effects of Bi₂O₃ doping on structural and electrical properties of Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells

The study investigates the impact of Bi2O3 doping on the crystal structure, density, and ionic conductivity of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9, a type of samarium-doped ceria oxide (SDC). The material is intended for use as a solid electrolyte in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The SDC-based electrolyte was created using the auto-combustion technique, with various molar ratios of Bi2O3. Phase compositions, microstructure, and ionic conductivity of all ceria ceramics were analysed using XRD, SEM and impedance analyses, respectively. The language is formal, clear, objective, and value-neutral, using high-level, standard language with consistent technical terms. Grammar, spelling, and punctuation are correct. Consistent citation and footnote style are maintained. The samples are single-phase ceramics that crystallise into a cubic fluorite type structure with space group Fm-3 m, as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction pattern. Technical abbreviations are explained. The structure ensures a logical flow of information with causal connections between statements. No filler words or biased language are used. SDC/Bi2O3 composite powders exhibit high sintering activity. The relative density of all samples sintered at 1300 degrees C for 5 h was more than 96%, which is higher than that achieved by pure SDC electrolyte sintered at 1400 degrees C (94.06%). Electrochemical performance results demonstrate that adding an appropriate amount of Bi2O3 can significantly enhance the conductivity of SDC materials. The SDC-based electrolyte containing 9 mol% of Bi2O3 (SDCB9) demonstrates the maximum conductivity of 43.5 mS center dot cm(-1) at 800 degrees C, surpassing that of pure SDC which measures 26.86 mS center dot cm(-1).