Integrated crop and livestock systems increase both climate change adaptation and mitigation capacities

Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) are proposed as key solutions to the various challenges posed to presentday agriculture which must guarantee high and stable yields while minimizing its impacts on the environment. Yet the complex relationships between crops, grasslands and animals on which they rely demand careful and precise management. In this study, from a 18-year ICLS field experiment in Brazil, that consists in annual no-till soybean-pastures grazed by beef cattle, we investigated the impacts of contrasted pastures grazing intensities (defined by sward heights of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, plus an ungrazed treatment) on the agroecosystem productivity and soil organic carbon (SOC) under both historical and future (2040-2070, RCP8.5) climatic conditions. We used an innovative methodology to model the ICLS with the STICS soil-crop model, which was validated with field observations. Results showed that the total system production increased along with grazing intensity because of higher stocking rates and subsequent live weight gains. Moderate and light grazing intensities (30 and 40 cm sward heights) resulted in the largest increase in SOC over the 18-year period, with all ICLS treatments leading to greater SOC contents than the ungrazed treatment. When facing climate change under future conditions, all treatments increased in productivity due to the CO2 fertilization effect and the increases in organic amendments that result from the larger stocking rate allowed by the increased pasture carrying capacity. Moderate grazing resulted in the most significant enhancements in productivity and SOC levels. These