Flow velocity adjustment in a channel with a floating vegetation canopy

Floating vegetation with unanchored and connected roots can completely cover the water surface of rivers, ditches, and streams. Eichhornia crassipes is a typical macrophyte with a stable network of roots that is present in aquatic environments, forming a complicated flow velocity adjustment. This study constructed model floating canopies and real E. crassipes canopies to investigate flow velocity adjustment and verify a new proposed velocity model. Laboratory experiments showed that flow velocity was modified in both the streamwise (x) and vertical (z) directions and impacted by the mean channel velocity, canopy density, and relative flow depth. The pene-tration distance Se of the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices penetrating into the floating canopy increased to its maximum beyond the flow adjustment distance X-D, where X-D was the distance from the canopy leading edge to the position at which the flow was fully developed. The thickness of the bed boundary layer Sb was related to the vegetation drag (F-D(x)), the bed shear stress (n(b)(x)), and the height of the free-flow region below the canopy hg. New estimators for Se and Sb were proposed and validated for floating canopies. Combined with the new esti-mators (Se and Sb), flow continuity equation, momentum equation and four-layer divided method, a new analytical model was proposed to predict vertical profiles of velocity within and below a floating canopy in both the flow adjustment region (X-D > x > 0) and fully developed flow region (x > X-D). Fourteen groups of velocity data from this study and published literature were used to verify the proposed model. The predicted vertical profiles of velocity in flow adjustment and fully developed flow regions agreed with measurements under a wide range of vegetation and flow conditions, suggesting that the proposed model was capable of accurately predicting velocity profiles in a channel with a floating canopy. Finally, the model was validated in a channel with a real E. crassipes canopy. A comparison between predicted and measured velocities confirmed that the new model is valid for application in a channel with real floating macrophytes.