The physics of 3D printing with light
Nature Reviews Physics(2024)
摘要
The goal of 3D printing is to realize complex 3D structures by locally adding material in small volume elements called voxels — in contrast to successively subtracting material by etching, milling or machining. This field started with optics-based proposals in the 1970s. Progress has required breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, materials science, laser science and engineering. This Review focuses on the physics underlying optics-based approaches, including interference lithography, tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing, stereolithography, continuous liquid-interface printing, light-sheet printing, parallelized spatiotemporal focusing and (multi-)focus scanning. Light–matter interactions that are discussed include one-photon, two-photon, multi-photon or cascaded nonlinear optical absorption processes for excitation and stimulated-emission depletion or excited-state absorption followed by reverse intersystem crossing for de-excitation. The future physics challenges lie in further boosting three metrics: spatial resolution, rate of voxel creation and range of available dissimilar material properties. Engineering challenges lie in achieving these metrics in compact, low-cost and low-energy-consumption instruments and in identifying new applications.
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