Glucose Oxidase Patterned Meta-Chemical Surface for Sensing Glucose Using Dip-Pen Nanolithography

Numerous studies have been done to advance the development of efficient, simple, and cheap sensors, especially for glucose, which are important in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The most common sensors and biosensors used today are based on electrochemistry. The novelty of this study is the use of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) in order to pattern a mixture of glucose oxidase with PMMA as nanoclusters and develop meta-chemical surface (MCS), which leads to highly efficient working electrodes with increased detection sensitivity compared to the today-known glucose sensors (similar to 1x10-9 ${\sim 1\times 1{0}<^>{-9}}$ M was detected in the current study). Our novel and important results support the feasibility of using DPN to develop sensors on various electrode surfaces patterned with different active species, especially in systems requiring target substance detection over large concentration ranges. Meta-chemical surface (MCS) electrode-based biosensors were developed by using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). The DPN enables control over the sizes of and distances between the patterned clusters, which control glucose detection sensitivity and efficiency. MCS electrode-based biosensors are applicable in systems that must be maintained at low glucose concentrations or glucose-free.image