Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Risk and Susceptibility for Childhood Asthma

Asthma is a common respiratory disease that affects people of all ages, characterized by considerable heterogeneity in age, clinical presentation, genetics, epigenetics, environmental factors, treatment response, and prognostic outcomes. Asthma affects more than 330 million people worldwide, of which 33% are children under 14 years, and 27% are adults whose first symptoms occurred in childhood. However, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of childhood allergic diseases and asthma are still not fully understood. Here, we conducted a biomedical narrative review of genes associated with the risk, severity, and susceptibility of childhood asthma since it differs from asthma in adults regarding their pathophysiology, development, and outcomes. We also systematized the available information on epigenetic changes associated with childhood asthma.