Efficient adsorptive removal of textile dye neutral red in environmental samples using white clover stem powder

Here, we report the removal of neutral red (NR) dye from aqueous solutions using white clover (WC) stem powder as a biosorbent. The experimental conditions, including the pH impact, the adsorbent dose and initial dye, exposure time, and the salts ion influence, were investigated for NR adsorption. The biosorbent's morphological, textural, and structural features were analyzed using SEM, FTIR, and EDX. The experimental data were evaluated for kinetic and adsorption isotherm models, and it was observed that the pseudo-first-order model accurately illustrates adsorption kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich's equations best describe the NR adsorption experimental data. The adsorption capacity of biosorbent for NR adsorption was 113 mg/g under optimized conditions. The suggested biosorbent was successfully employed for NR removal from environmental samples. Compared to other published adsorbents, WC stem powder was cost-effective and efficient. This research can help mitigate environmental pollution and address health risks associated with NR in industrial effluents.