Thermophoresis, Brownian Diffusion, Porosity, and Magnetic Parameters' Effects on Three-Dimensional Rotating Ag-CuO/H2O Hybrid Nanofluid Flow across a Linearly Stretched Sheet with Aligned Magnetic Field

Nanofluids are crucial to explore since they have substantial industrial applications and their rapid heat transfer rates. A brand-new category of nanofluid called "hybrid nanofluid" is now being employed to speed up heat transfer even further. The objective and novelty of this study investigates the impact of different parameters on the flow of a rotating, three-dimensional Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid over a linearly stretched sheet with an aligned magnetic field. These parameters include thermophoresis, Brownian diffusion, porosity, magnetic parameter, and Forchheimer number. The study revealed that when temperatures decrease, CuO and Ag nanoparticle volume fractions lead to improved concentration and velocity profiles, correspondingly, momentum and concentration boundary layer thickness are enhanced while thermal boundary layer thickness is reduced. The investigation also reveals that while temperature rises with higher levels of some parameters, the velocity profile and concentration fall, correspondingly, momentum and concetration boundary layer thickness are reduced. The effects of different factors on the rates of skin friction, heat, and mass transmission can also be explored. Higher values of K and cause the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers to rise, whereas Fr,ϵ,M,α and Nb cause them to fall. The nonlinear ODEs formed from the governing system of nonlinear PDEs are solved in the study using MATLAB and the BVP-5C shooting method. The contribution of this work is to the understanding of the behaviour of hybrid nanofluids and its potential applications in the development and optimization of nanofluid-based systems for various engineering applications.