Anesthesia and analgesia in invertebrates

Invertebrates are commonly used in research settings in a variety of disciplines and are often considered a more acceptable alternative to vertebrate animals in research. However, the changing discussion surrounding animal welfare and pain recognition in invertebrates may result in more oversight for these species. Appropriate anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia techniques should be used for invertebrate species in clinical and laboratory settings. This chapter covers anesthesia recommendations for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and an overview of acceptable euthanasia techniques. Evidence-based analgesic options for invertebrate taxa are limited.