Hatching and development of maize cyst nematode Heteroderazeae infecting different plant hosts1

The occurrence, distribution, and rapid molecular detection technology of Heterodera zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971, have been reported in China. We explored the biological characteristics of H. zeae sampled in Henan Province to understand its interaction with plants. Cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were identified under an optical and scanning electron microscope, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogenetic tree, and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR)-PCR analyses. The optimum hatching temperatures of H. zeae were 30°C and 28°C, with cumulative hatching rates of 16.5 and 16.1%, respectively, at 30 days post-hatching (dph). The hatching rate of H. zeae eggs was improved by 20- and 50-time maize soil leachate, root juice, and 10-time root exudates. The hatching rate in 10-time root exudates was the highest (25.9%). The 10-time root exudates of maize and millet produced the highest hatching rate at 30 dph (25.9 and 22.9%, respectively), followed by wheat (19.9%), barley (18.3%), and rice (17.6%). H. zeae developed faster in maize than in other crops. Fourth-stage juveniles (J4s) were detected in maize roots 8 days post inoculation (dpi) at 28°C but not in other crops. Combined with hatching tests, the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region and the south and central-southwest mountainous maize areas are highly suitable for H. zeae in China. This is the first systematically study of the hatching and infection characteristics on different plant hosts of corn cyst nematode H. zeae in temperate regions. This study laid a theoretical foundation for the rapid spread and high environmental adaptability of corn cyst nematode.