Molecular diagnosis of human oncogenic viruses associated with prostate cancer: Human Papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr virus

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in men. It is both a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease that develops amid various genetic and epigenetic changes. Viral involvement as essential factors or cofactors in the carcinogenesis of PCa worldwide has aroused scientific interest for decades. Oncogenic viruses are necessary but not sufficient for the development of all types of malignant tumors. Currently, around 15% of cancer cases worldwide and around 20% of cases in developing countries are associated with infectious agents. The methods employed in the diagnosis of PCa include digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen test, and followup of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies. These methods allow us to support the hypothesis that screening for PCa may reduce PCa mortality.