Bromination of Carbon and Formation of PBDD/Fs by Copper Bromide in Oxidative Thermal Process

Brominated aromatic compounds are unintentionally generated during various thermal processes, including municipal solid waste incineration, electric-waste open burning, and secondary copper smelting. Copper (Cu) plays an important role in the formation of brominated aromatic compounds. In the present study, the thermochemical behaviors of Cu and Br in model samples, including copper bromide (CuBr2) and activated carbon, were studied using in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and thermogravimetry. Quantification of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) was also conducted by gas chromatograph-high resolution mass spectrometer. Three key reactions were identified: (i) the reduction of CuBr2 to CuBr (room temperature to 300 degrees C), (ii) the generation of Br bonded with aromatic carbon (150-350 degrees C), and (iii) the oxidation of copper (>350 degrees C). Maximum amounts of PBDD/Fs were found in residual solid phase after heating at 300 degrees C. The analytical results indicated the direct bromination of aromatic carbon by the debromination of copper bromides (I, II) and that CuBr and CuO acted as catalysts in the oxidation of the carbon matrix. The bromination mechanisms revealed in this study are essential to the de novo formation of PBDD/Fs and other brominated aromatic compounds.