First report of a wide distribution of glyphosate-resistant compact brome (Bromus madritensis) in the Iberian Peninsula: confirmation and field management

Abstract Glyphosate resistance is spreading in Spain and Portugal due to excessive herbicide use, in both annual and perennial crops. Compact brome ( Bromus madritensis L.) is increasing in frequency in these different cropping systems when under conservation agriculture, particularly when glyphosate fails to control it. Fourteen populations from different areas in the Iberian Peninsula were confirmed as being B. madritensis using simple sequence repeat markers and clearly separated from the closely related species red brome ( Bromus rubens L.) and ripgut brome ( Bromus diandrus Roth). Six B. madritensis populations were classified as resistant, according to both their shikimic acid accumulation levels and their resistance factors based on LD 50 or GR 50 (values between 4 and 8). Populations with higher resistance factors also showed lower shikimic acid concentrations. Moreover, these resistant populations were able to survive the minimum registered dose for glyphosate in Spain in perennial crops (1,080 g ae ha −1 , five populations) or in arable crops before seeding for annual weeds (540 g ae ha −1 , one population), under both greenhouse and field conditions. The trials carried out in a glyphosate-resistant field during 2 consecutive years showed that acceptable control (≥90%) was only consistently achieved 90 d after application for preemergence treatment with flazasulfuron in a tank mix with glyphosate, while control with postemergence treatments, such as propaquizafop plus glyphosate, was below 80%. This research describes the first herbicide-resistance report for the weed species B. madritensis , confirming the presence of glyphosate-resistant populations mainly in perennial cropping systems but also in winter cereals from Spain. Due to the limited chemical tools to manage these populations, there is an urgent need for farmers to implement integrated weed management strategies.