Impact of 13-93 bio-glass inclusion on the machinability, in-vitro degradation, and biological behavior of Y-TZP-based bioceramic composite

Nowadays, bio-ceramic composite material is demanded in the biomedical industry due to its remarkable biological and mechanical properties. But, the shaping of such material challenges the manufacturer. In this work, bioceramic composite materials, having general weight composition [(100-x) (3Y-TZP) - x (13-93 BG)] where x = 0 to 25 wt%, has been prepared, and their machinability in terms of MRR (material removal rate) and SR (surface roughness) is studied as a function of BG composition and machining temperature. It is found that MRR decreases with increasing the concentration of bioactive glass (BG) while it increases with increasing the machining temperature. The SR is found in the opposite trend. The MRR, SR, and material removal mechanics (MRM) are also confirmed by the HR-SEM and AFM (atomic force microscopy) analysis. The effect of BG addition on the physical, mechanical, in-vitro degradation, and cell culture behaviour of the composite materials are also evaluated. The relative density and mechanical properties, such as flexural and compressive strength, are found to increase up to 10 wt% of BG content; afterward, it decreases. The hardness is increased with BG addition in 3YTZP ceramics. The in-vitro degradation indicates the dissolution and apatite layer formation after 35 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. The cell proliferation is examined by MTT assay over MG-63 cell lines. The cell proliferation ability of the composite is increased with increasing the BG concentration and found a maximum of up to 25 wt% of BG. Overall, the best findings were obtained with 10 wt% BG contained 3YTZP ceramic composite sintered at 1250 degrees C. The relative density, flexural strength, and compressive strength are about 98.34%, 397.9 MPa, and 488.7 MPa, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it may be recommended that 10 wt% BG concentration in 3Y-TZP bioceramic composite is the most suitable and potential material for biomedical application.