Integration of renewable energy resources into the water-energy-food nexus–Modeling a demand side management approach and application to a microgrid farm in Morocco

This paper introduces a framework aimed at analyzing the water-energy-food nexus (WEF) within the context of sustainable farming practices utilizing renewable energy sources, specifically Solar PV, to optimize water management efficiency. The focus lies on investigating the interplay between the water-energy-food nexus and both technical and institutional factors. The study particularly delves into the utilization of distributed energy systems and microgrids for electricity distribution. To achieve the objectives outlined, the framework is applied to a case study involving an off-grid farm in Morocco, aligned with the country's “Green Morocco Plan” of 2008. The study employs the AnyMOD open-source modeling framework in combination with the publicly available decision support tool CropWat (Version 8.0). Through this coupling, a linear optimization model is created to assess various irrigation practices, thus evaluating the energy and water supply variations across different crop growth stages. By employing scenario analysis, the study reveals that the integration of a smart microgrid alongside storage technologies proves beneficial in terms of reducing overall system costs. This integration presents cost-effective solutions and enables the establishment of a sustainable energy supply driven by renewable energy resources. Furthermore, the investigation highlights that constraining irrigation to specific hours of the day results in increased storage requirements and higher associated costs. In conclusion, the study underscores that enhancing the water-energy-food nexus through the integration of a renewable-based microgrid is a complex task. However, it significantly contributes to the development of sustainable farming solutions. This research sheds light on the challenges and opportunities associated with aligning renewable energy, water management, and agricultural practices, ultimately facilitating the pursuit of environmentally conscious and efficient farming methodologies.