Anti-inflammatory activity of -glucans from different sources before and after fermentation by fecal bacteria in vitro

BACKGROUND: beta-Glucans are widely sourced and have various physiological effects, including anti-inflammatory effects. However, the strength of the anti-inflammatory activity of beta-glucans from different sources remains unknown due to the lack of rapid and effective biomarkers. This study therefore aimed to screen out the beta-glucans with strong anti-inflammatory activity from five different sources and to further screen out possible biomarkers in metabolites after fermenting the beta-glucans with gut microorganisms.RESULTS: The results showed that all five beta-glucans inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory mediators and suppressed the mRNA expression level of TLR4/MyD88. Their anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved the inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and suppression of mRNA expression of the NF-kappa B pathway and JNK pathway. Among them, barley beta-glucan exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory effect, followed by Ganoderma lucidum beta-glucan. Enhanced anti-inflammatory activity of beta-glucan was found after fermentation and may be related to the increased abundance of metabolites such as vanillin, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid. They were strongly positively correlated to the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Blautia, suggesting that the production of those metabolites may be responsible for the flourishing of the beneficial bacteria.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, barley was a preferred raw material for the preparation of beta-glucans with strong anti-inflammatory activity. Vanillin, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid were the possible biomarkers that could be utilized to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of beta-glucans.(c) 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.