Genome-wide investigation of the Nuclear factor Y gene family in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): evolution and expression profiling during development and abiotic stresses

Abstract Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) plays a vital role in numerous biological processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, its function in ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a significant medicinal and dietary vegetable, remains largely unexplored. While the NF-Y family has been thoroughly identified in many plant species, and the function of individual NF-Y TFs has been characterized, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning this family in ginger. In this study, the ginger genome was utilized to identify 36 NF-Y genes (10 ZoNF-YAs , 16 ZoNF-YBs , and 10 ZoNF-YCs ), which were renamed based on their chromosomal distribution. Ten distinct motifs were identified within the ZoNF-Y genes, with certain unique motifs being vital for gene function. Through analyzing chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved protein motifs, and gene duplication events, the evolutionary characteristics of these ZoNF-Y genes were more fully understood. Detailed analysis of ZoNF-Y gene expression patterns across various tissues, performed through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, revealed their significant role in regulating ginger rhizome and flower growth and development. Additionally, the ZoNF-Y family genes that responded to abiotic stresses were also identified. The ZoNF-Y family in ginger was identified for the first time in the present study. Our result contributes to research on evolutionary characteristics and better understanding the molecular basis for development and abiotic stress response, as well as further functional characterization of ZoNF-Y genes with an aim of ginger crop improvement.