Roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in reproduction and related diseases

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) remove phosphate groups from protein tyrosine residues to regulate various cell signaling processes, subsequently affecting the growth, metabolism, differentiation, immune response, and other cellular processes. Several studies have investigated the functions of PTPs in tumor and organism immunity. However, only a few studies have focused on their roles in reproductive disorders. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of PTPs in infertility, spontaneous abortion, pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, early embryonic developmental abnormalities, and preterm birth. This review can contribute to future research on PTPs and their potential applications as targets in the treatment of reproductive diseases.