Comparison of manual compression, Z-stitch, and suture-mediated vascular closure device techniques in dogs undergoing percutaneous transvenous intervention

Introduction/objectives: Manual compression has been standard of care for maintaining hemostasis after percutaneous endovascular intervention, but can be time-consuming and associated with vascular complications. Alternative closure meth-ods include the figure-of-eight suture (Z-stitch) and vascular closure device (VCD) tech-niques. We hypothesized that compared to manual compression, Z-stitch and VCD would significantly reduce time-to-hemostasis after transvenous access, and the proportion of dogs with vascular patency would not differ significantly among treatments. Animals: Forty-six client-owned dogs undergoing percutaneous transvenous interventional procedures.Materials and methods: Dogs with vessel diameter <5 mm were randomized to undergo manual compression or Z-stitch, while those with vessel diameter >= 5 mm were randomized to undergo manual compression, Z-stitch, or VCD. Time-to-hemosta sis, bleeding scores, presence of vascular patency one day and two to three months