Role of microorganisms in alleviation of arsenic toxicity in plants

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid detrimental to both plants and animals. Arsenic accumulation in food grains is a major threat to food safety as its uncontrolled exposure causes several types of cancers in humans. Microorganisms have the potential to survive under high arsenic concentrations and biotransform more toxic arsenic species into less toxic forms. Several bacteria, archaea, cyanobacteria, and fungi are reported to sustain and overcome arsenic toxicity by transforming arsenic species. Arsenic-resistant microorganisms could be utilized for promoting plant growth and reducing arsenic toxicity in plants and grains. Therefore, understanding the role of microorganisms in reducing arsenic toxicity is essential for sustainable and safe agriculture.