Spatial surface modification of cathode materials in microbial electrosynthesis of chemicals from carbon dioxide

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) represents emerging cutting-edge technology that can produce valuable products through carbon dioxide (CO2) biotransformation, providing a sustainable production platform for chemical generation, reducing the carbon footprint, and making carbon neutrality achievable. Cathode materials are key components determining the development of bioelectricity-driven CO2 reduction. The spatial surface modification of cathode materials brings bright prospects for improving MES performance. In view of existing research, this article systematically reviews the state of art of the spatial modification of cathode materials for microbial CO2 reduction, focusing on the applicability and limitations of these methodologies. Finally, the possible main directions, challenges, and opportunities for improving MES performance by spatial surface engineering of cathode materials in the future are presented.