Brands talking on events? Brand personification in real-time marketing tweets to drive consumer engagement

Purpose - This study aims to explore how brands use brand personification techniques in real-time marketing on social media, particularly Twitter, and examine how these techniques impact consumer engagement, moderated by brand-event congruence levels. Design/methodology/approach - Data included 464 tweets posted by 95 brands around three large events in 2019. The types of brand personification techniques and the level of brand-event congruence applied by the tweets were content-analyzed, and regression analyses were conducted to examine their linkages to consumer engagement metrics. Findings - Results confirmed the use of diverse personification techniques in brands' real-time marketing tweets as in the previous literature. The study also revealed a new personification technique, tacit expression, not reported in previous literature. The study also showed that the overall effectiveness of multimedia-based (vs caption-based) personification techniques in increasing consumer engagement on social media was greater, but their relative effectiveness varied depending on whether or not the event was functionally congruent with the brand. Practical implications - The findings offer valuable suggestions to brand managers regarding prioritizing brand personification techniques and aligning brands' social media marketing with real-time events to maximize the effectiveness of real-time marketing in boosting consumer engagement. Originality/value - This research offers insights into the dynamic effects of different brand personification techniques in the new context of realtime marketing, extending the scope of literature on brand personification and anthropomorphism. The revelation of a new type of brand personification not captured in the extant literature is also a significant contribution.