Female Germline Stem Cells: A Source for Applications in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine

One of the most significant findings in stem cell biology is the establishment of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) in the early 21st century. Besides the massive contribution of FGSCs to support ovarian function and fertility of females, the ability to create transgenic animals from FGSCs have high efficiency. Whether FGSCs can differentiate into mature oocytes for fertilization and complete embryonic development is a significant question for scientists. FGSCs were shown to produce oocytes, and the fertilized oocytes could generate offspring in mice and rats. This discovery has opened a new direction in human FGSCs research. Recently, cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue was already developed for women with cancer. Thus, isolation and expansion of FGSCs from this tissue before or after cryopreservation may be helpful for clinical fertility therapies. Scientists have suggested that the ability to produce transgenic animals using FGSCs would be a great tool for biological reproduction. Research on FGSCs opened a new direction in reproductive biotechnology to treat infertility and produce biological drugs supported in pre-menopausal syndrome in women. The applicability of FGSCs is enormous in the basic science of stem cell models for studying the development and maturation of oocytes, especially applications in treating human disease.