3D bioprinting: An innovative technique for biofabrication applied to regenerative medicine and tissue engineering

Bioprinting is an innovative technology, which has received growing interest worldwide within the pharmaceutical and biomedical medicine fields, mainly because of its broad-spectrum applications such as regenerative medicines, tissue engineering and transplantation, drug screening platforms, and cancer research. It consists of the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to produce various biomaterials with incorporated viable cells. It offers several advantages such as precise and controlled deposition of cells, hormones, drugs, and growth factors, etc., thus directing improved tissue regeneration. Further, it provides a base for the development of tissue constructs, organs and organoids, and organ-on-a-chip, mimicking natural ones. In this work, we review the potential of various polymers and cells for their applications in the 3D bioprinting of different biomaterials and printed scaffolds to form various tissues exploring their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines, providing the most recent advances on this matter. We also discuss the current challenges associated with 3D bioprinting technology and unveil possible solutions that can turn practical applications of this technology in different fields a reality.