Perspective Chapter: Update on Achalasia Treatment

Achalasia is a primary motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and aperistalsis of the esophagus. There are 3 types of achalasia, diagnosed and differentiated according to the Chicago classification using high resolution manometry (HRM). The classic symptoms of achalasia as described by the Eckardt score are dysphagia, retrosternal pain, regurgitation and weight loss. This chapter will discuss the interesting evolution of achalasia in the modern era, the ways to diagnose achalasia, different sub-groups within achalasia patients population, treat it with either endoscopic or surgical manner, pre-operative and post-operative considerations and routine follow-up.