Multi-organ Metabolic Model ofZea maysConnects Temperature Stress with Thermodynamics-Reducing Power-Energy Generation Axis

ABSTRACT Global climate change has severely impacted maize productivity. A holistic understanding of metabolic crosstalk among its organs is essential to address this issue. Thus, we reconstructed the first multi-organ maize genome-scale metabolic model, i ZMA6517, and contextualized it with heat and cold stress-related transcriptomics data using the novel EX pression dis T ributed REA ction flux M easurement (EXTREAM) algorithm. Furthermore, implementing metabolic bottleneck analysis on contextualized models revealed fundamental differences between these stresses. While both stresses had reducing power bottlenecks, heat stress had additional energy generation bottlenecks. To tie these signatures, we performed thermodynamic driving force analysis, revealing thermodynamics-reducing power-energy generation axis dictating the nature of temperature stress responses. Thus, for global food security, a temperature-tolerant maize ideotype can be engineered by leveraging the proposed thermodynamics-reducing power-energy generation axis. We experimentally inoculated maize root with a beneficial mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis , and as a proof of concept demonstrated its potential to alleviate temperature stress. In summary, this study will guide the engineering effort of temperature stress-tolerant maize ideotypes.