The impact of prenatal dog keeping on infant gut microbiota development

Abstract Introduction Prenatal and early‐life dog exposure has been linked to reduced childhood allergy and asthma. A potential mechanism includes altered early immune development in response to changes in the gut microbiome among dog‐exposed infants. We thus sought to determine whether infants born into homes with indoor dog(s) exhibit altered gut microbiome development. Methods Pregnant women living in homes with dogs or in pet‐free homes were recruited in southeast Michigan. Infant stool samples were collected at intervals between 1 week and 18 months after birth and microbiome was assessed using 16S ribosomal sequencing. Perinatal maternal vaginal/rectal swabs and stool samples were sequenced from a limited number of mothers. Mixed effect adjusted models were used to assess stool microbial community trajectories comparing infants from dog‐keeping versus pet‐free homes with adjustment for relevant covariates. Results Infant gut microbial composition among vaginally born babies became less similar to the maternal vaginal/rectal microbiota and more similar to the maternal gut microbiota with age‐related accumulation of bacterial species with advancing age. Stool samples from dog‐exposed infants were microbially more diverse ( p = .041) through age 18 months with enhanced diversity most apparent between 3 and 6 months of age. Statistically significant effects of dog exposure on β‐diversity metrics were restricted to formula‐fed children. Across the sample collection period, dog exposure was associated with Fusobacterium genera enrichment, as well as enrichment of Collinsella , Ruminococcus , Clostridaceae and Lachnospiraceae OTUs . Conclusion Prenatal/early‐life dog exposure is associated with an altered gut microbiome during infancy and supports a potential mechanism explaining lessened atopy and asthma risk. Further research directly linking specific dog‐attributable changes in the infant gut microbiome to the risk of allergic disorders is needed.