In Vitro Performance Analysis of Ti- and Zn-Doped Hydroxyapatite Made from Waste Eggshells

Million tons of eggshell waste are generated every day anywhere starting from a household kitchen to different food-processing industries. This waste is a big source of calcium (Ca). In this study, zinc- (3%) and titanium (3%)-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been synthesized from two different sources; one is from eggshell waste, and another is from laboratory reagents. All developed HAP powders were compacted in a cylindrical mold (dia. 12 mm) at high pressure by a hydraulic machine. Physical properties such as density, porosity, and hardness were evaluated. Crystal phase analysis and the presence of functional groups were determined through XRD and FTIR. SEM images of apatite layer formation in simulated body fluid of different quantity on top of the pellets were observed. All the materials were hemocompatible and nontoxic, confirmed through hemolysis study and MTT assay. The comparative analysis showed that eggshell-derived HAP and its doped materials produced more apatite than laboratory-grade calcium hydroxide material.