Eulachon migration patterns in the lower Fraser River revealed through acoustic telemetry

ObjectiveThe Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada, historically supported productive Indigenous, recreational, and commercial fisheries for Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus. Although Eulachon spend most of their lives in the marine environment, they spawn in freshwater and it is hypothesized that habitat degradation in the Fraser River has contributed to population decline. A greater understanding of Eulachon life history strategies is necessary to develop species recovery strategies. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into population demographics, migration timing, residence time, travel speed and distance, and movement patterns of Eulachon traveling in the Fraser River by conducting index netting and acoustic telemetry.MethodsIn total, 244 Eulachon were acoustically tagged at the mouth of the Fraser River, and their movements were monitored using acoustic receivers in the lowermost 70 km of the Fraser River and in the Pitt River (a tributary to the Fraser River) over a 2-year period.ResultTagged Eulachon displayed heterogeneous movement behaviors and a protracted migration period between February and May. Eulachon index gill netting revealed three discrete migration groups matching traditional ecological knowledge from Indigenous knowledge holders. There were shifts in population demographics, with sex ratios changing from predominately males to females throughout the migration. Residence time within the estuarine salt wedge and river was short. Upstream travel speeds varied significantly between sexes and slowed as fish traveled upstream.ConclusionOverall, Eulachon travel speeds, travel distances, and residence times, along with size and sex effects, provided insights into movement patterns. These results will increase our understanding of sex-specific risks related to instream disturbance, harvest, and predation and will inform management decisions regarding protection of critical habitats. The observed patterns highlight the need for stock assessment methods to consider all discrete migration groups and will assist in prioritizing species recovery efforts.