Prevalence of and factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension among patients with early chronic kidney disease attending tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and its associated factors among patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) attending medical outpatient clinics at tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania.ParticipantsThe participants in this study were adult patients (>= 18 years) with early CKD stages (1, 2 and 3) who were attending nephrology and medical outpatient clinics from November 2020 to March 2021. Patients who had been attending the clinic for at least 3 months, had baseline clinical data on their files, had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >= 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and who provided written informed consent were eligible. A total of 352 patients were enrolled, of whom 182 were men and 170 were women.Outcome measureThe dependent variable was uncontrolled hypertension among patients with early CKD, based on blood pressure measurements.ResultsThe prevalence of hypertension was 58.5% (206 of 352) and the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension was 58.3% (120 of 206). Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, 88.3% (106 of 120) had CKD stage 3, 80.2% (96 of 120) reported non-adherence to antihypertensives, 76.7% (92 of 120) were overweight or obese, 72.5% (87 of 120) reported current alcohol use and 26.7% (32 of 120) had diabetes mellitus. Factors that contributed to higher odds of uncontrolled hypertension were: age >= 50 years (OR=5.17, 95 % CI 2.37 to 13.33, p=0.001), alcohol use (OR=11.21, 95% CI 3.83 to 32.84, p=0.001), non-adherence to antihypertensives (OR=10.19, 95% CI 4.22 to 24.61, p=0.001), overweight/obesity (OR=6.28, 95% CI 2.54 to 15.53, p=0.001) and CKD stage 3 (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.32 to 9.42, p=0.012).ConclusionUncontrolled hypertension was highly prevalent among patients with early CKD in this setting and was associated with age, current alcohol use, non-adherence to antihypertensives, overweight/obesity and declining eGFR.