Heart crosstalk with other organs and pharmacological strategies for cardioprotection

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It has been recognized that specific regulatory factors from peripheral tissues can influence the pathological progression of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF). Drugs targeting the regulation of pathways related to hepatic lipid metabolism, intestinal flora, renal sodium excretion and hypoglycemia, bone marrow clonal hematopoiesis and immune inflammation, such as Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, IL-1β monoclonal antibodies and Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -T therapy, have been shown to have significant protective effects in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially ischemic heart disease and HF. Various forms of interaction between cardiovascular system diseases and cerebrovascular, liver and intestinal metabolism, kidney and other functional disorders have been widely reported. In this review, we focus on the interactions between the cardiovascular system and other organs in ischemic heart disease and HF, highlight novel therapeutic strategies that modulate cardiometabolic and inflammatory processes.