Biosensors

Immobilized biological compounds integrated into sensing and reporting systems may be defined as biosensors, and they can be regarded as very attractive devices with regard to these criteria. Antibodies, antigens, enzymes, and almost all biological components constituting cellular membranes and whole cells have been combined with physical transducers. The resulting biosensor generally enables direct, reliable, and reproducible measurements and may be directly applied in complex media with a minimum sample treatment. The choice of an appropriate electrochemical sensor for drug determination is governed by several requirements: the nature of the substrate to be determined; the shape of the final sensor; the selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of the measurements; and the reliability and stability of the probe. The development of biosensors for these substrates will be very useful for quality control and process monitoring in the pharmaceutical industry.