Lymphatic filariasis

The mosquito-borne disease lymphatic filariasis, which is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori, occurs worldwide and is still considered long-term severe physical and psychosocial disability. This chapter provides an overview of lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis. We begin by introducing lymphatic filarial parasites, its life cycle, symptoms further addressing the questions about the detection of infections, epidemiology, and risk factors. We present approaches to controlling and eliminating the disease through mass drug administration and discuss further next-generation drugs, vaccines, application of diagnostic methods about the prevention and elimination of the disease, reviewing alternative regimens for prevention and treatment. This chapter provides the reader with information on the application of aptamers and extracellular vesicles as a novel source of vaccine candidates and therapeutic targets. Various diagnostic methods for filariasis are also briefed. A comprehensive review of the literature to explain each diagnostic test option available for the disease is provided, offering our view of these options based on our studies and the available information. Readers will discover the importance of diagnosing filariasis in successfully eliminating lymphatic filariasis.