Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Glucose on the Immune Evasion of Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells

Introduction: Metformin is one current medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. Numerous stud-ies have shown that high metformin concentrations have an anticancer effect. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether combining various metformin and glucose concentrations af-fects mouse breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and expression of immune escape-related genes. Methods: This study assessed 12 glucose and metformin combinations: four glucose con-centrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 4.5 g/L) and three metformin concentrations (0, 2.0, and 5.0 mM). Mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 media containing these 12 combinations at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2. The combinatorial effects of metformin and glucose were evaluated based on 4T1 cell proliferation, migration, and expression of immune escape-related genes. Results: Combining 2 mM metformin with 4.5 g/L glucose concentration inhibited 4T1 cell proliferation, migration, and expression of immune escape-related genes. Conclusion: Our findings provide more information about the anticancer effects of metformin under high glucose conditions, help explain why met-formin effectively treats cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes, and suggest combining metformin with glucose in anticancer treatment.