Heterogeneity in performance of science and technology parks in China: Is there "club" convergence?

This study investigates determinants of science and technology parks (STPs) performance in China. We estimate dynamic panel-data models on a sample comprising 53 STPs for 2008-2018. Foreign direct investment and human capital impact labour productivity and innovation of STPs and explain differences in performance among them. We find evidence for beta- and sigma-convergence of labour productivity and beta-, but not sigma-convergence of innovation. Our study provides novel insights for research on STPs and innovation policy regarding heterogeneity in performance of STPs, and specifically, some evidence concerning formation of "clubs" of STPs based on the city-tier system in China.