Spatial Heterogeneity of Integrins and Their Ligands in Primary Breast Tumors

Background: The diversity of cell-cell interactions in different regions of a tumor reflects the functional heterogeneity of cancer, which poses challenges in early diagnosis, selection of treatment strategies, and prognosis of breast cancer. Cancer cells interact with each other to form different morphological structures in the tumor and stromal host cells via integrins. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and spatial heterogeneity of primary breast tumors in the context of expression profiles of integrins and their ligands.Methods: We studied spatial transcriptomics using the 10X Visium approach and the Niche Interactions and Communication Heterogeneity in Extracellular Signaling (NICHES) algorithm to map ligand-receptor signaling pathways and visualize the het-erogeneity of signaling archetypes in tumor clusters.Results: Cluster analysis of the expression profiles of tumor spots from the samples indicated pronounced inter-tumoral het-erogeneity. Integrin-ligand functional clusters were associated with intratumoral heterogeneity, which was manifested by the presence of several morphological loci as observed in histological tumor samples. Inter-tumoral heterogeneity was manifested by a different number of functional clusters, ranging from 2 to 9 for each tumor sample. The main characteristic of these clus-ters was the significant predominance of non-complementary integrin subunits. Of the 42 functional integrin-ligand pairs in 21 clusters of five samples, 41 pairs occurred only once. The exception was the laminin subunit alpha-5 (LAMA5)-integrin beta 4 (ITGB4) pair, which was detected in two clusters of different samples.Conclusions: The spatial heterogeneity of integrin-ligand expression clusters in breast cancer contributes significantly to the functional heterogeneity of the tumor, which sets the stage for many scenarios of parenchymatous-stromal relationships, some of which may be effective in the emergence of metastasizing tumor seed cells. The intra-and inter-tumoral spatio-functional heterogeneity of the tumor tissue that we discovered may largely explain why it is difficult to achieve success in most patients with breast cancer using any therapeutic strategy targeting one molecule of the vast array, regardless of the importance of its pathogenetic significance.