The effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the swimming velocity and stability of a swarm of microswimmers

PHYSICS OF FLUIDS(2023)

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摘要
The dynamics and stability of a swarm of microswimmers is examined here using a thermodynamically compliant microswimmer model. The theory presented in this work is a mean-field model in which the swarm is considered to be a uniform solution of swimmers that are moving, on average, in the same direction. The hydrodynamic interaction between swimmers is modeled accurately assuming a crystalline arrangement to the swarm. A swimmer in the swarm can swim up to 12 times faster than when alone in an infinite sea, when the volume fraction of swimmers in the swarm is about 0.14. Moreover, we have also studied the stability of the swarm around a uniform crystalline arrangement by calculating the hydrodynamic torques generated by the swarm as a function of the volume fraction of swimmers. The predictions presented here agree with recent multiparticle simulations that have shown that hydrodynamic torques have a stabilizing effect in swarms of pullers while swarms of pushers are generally destabilized by hydrodynamic interactions. The thermodynamically admissible coupling between the swimmer's motion and fuel consumption allows us to study the full dynamics instead of artificially constrained steady-states only. By accounting for fuel consumption and high order hydrodynamic interactions, we are able to examine the swarm's stability as functions of fuel concentration and the volume fraction of swimmers. We find that at high concentrations of fuel, swarms of pullers are stabilized by hydrodynamic torques for volume fractions of swimmers as low as 0.02 but at lower volume fractions Brownian forces make the swarm unstable.
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关键词
microswimmers,swimming velocity,hydrodynamic interactions,swarm
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