Self-powered slippery surface with photo-enhanced triboelectric signal for waterproof wearable sensor

Self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) sensors have gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to directly convert external stimuli into electrical signals. However, most triboelectric sensors are sensitive to humidity or liquid environments, with restricted working conditions, making it challenging to meet the accuracy of detection in complex practical environments. Inspired by natural nepenthes, to address this challenge, it is essential to design the triboelectric material with excellent anti-humidity and liquid repellence. In this study, we integrate a heterogeneous layered slippery surface (HLSS) into a photo-assisted TENG sensor, consisting of the energy-level matched ZnO, MoS2, and rGO. Based on photosensitive ZnO, the fabricated triboelectric sensor significantly improves the sensitivity of the TENG sensor under light. Further, due to superior liquid repellence and mechanical strength, HLSSs exhibit a stable photo-responsive electrical signal underwater or at low temperatures and high humidity (-20 degrees C, 95 RH%). In addition, by connecting LEDs to form a visualization system, the triboelectric sensor can visually distinguish external stimuli, even underwater. This work presents a promising slippery interface material with synergistic responses, offering great potential for use in selfpowered sensors and visualization systems.