Mitigating Ammonia Deposition Derived from Open-Lot Livestock Facilities into Colorado's Rocky Mountain National Park: State of the Science

Northeast Colorado's livestock operations have been identified as a major contributor to reactive nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains National Park (RMNP). We present a review on the state of knowledge concerning the emission, transport, deposition, and mitigation of gaseous ammonia (NH3) from open-lot cattle feeding facilities located east of the Northern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Gaseous NH3 mitigation strategies discussed are related to diet manipulation and management practices. Crude protein content of 11% and condensed tannins of 8% reduced the NH3 emission by 43% and 57%, respectively. Ambiguous results for NH3 mitigation by using water sprinklers have been reported-an increase in NH3 emission by 27% and decrease of 27 to 56%. Manure harvesting should be evaluated in terms of maintaining proper moisture content, and not necessarily as a mitigation option. The use of chemical and physical manure amendments has shown a wide range in NH3 mitigation effectiveness, ranging from 19 to 98% for chemical and 0 to 43% for physical amendments, respectively. The review outlined the scientific basis, practicality, and expected efficacy of each management practice. The most plausible management practices to reduce NH3 emissions from corral surfaces in cattle feedyards are presented.