Predictive Factors for Chemoradiation-Induced Oral Mucositis and Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancer: A Scoping Review

Simple Summary Head and neck cancer is the seventh-most prevalent cancer worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, many patients suffer from chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis and dysphagia, affecting both treatment outcome and quality of life. Accurate prediction of the severity of toxicities is important for optimizing management and improving patient outcomes. The aim of this scoping review was to provide recommendations for the improvement in predictive models for oral mucositis and dysphagia. This was achieved by comprehensively mapping the landscape of reported predictors and critically evaluating the performance, methodology, and reporting of predictive models for these conditions. Implementation of these improvements is desirable to enable the early detection of patients at high risk of severe toxicity, thereby offering opportunities for preemptive care, intensified support, and, ultimately, improved patient outcomes.Abstract Despite advances in head and neck cancer treatment, virtually all patients experience chemoradiation-induced toxicities. Oral mucositis (OM) and dysphagia are among the most prevalent and have a systemic impact on patients, hampering treatment outcome and harming quality of life. Accurate prediction of severe cases is crucial for improving management strategies and, ultimately, patient outcomes. This scoping review comprehensively maps the reported predictors and critically evaluates the performance, methodology, and reporting of predictive models for these conditions. A total of 174 studies were identified from database searches, with 73 reporting OM predictors, 97 reporting dysphagia predictors, and 4 reporting both OM and dysphagia predictors. These predictors included patient demographics, tumor classification, chemoradiotherapy regimen, radiation dose to organs-at-risk, genetic factors, and results of clinical laboratory tests. Notably, many studies only conducted univariate analysis or focused exclusively on certain predictor types. Among the included studies, numerous predictive models were reported: eight for acute OM, five for acute dysphagia, and nine for late dysphagia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) ranged between 0.65 and 0.81, 0.60 and 0.82, and 0.70 and 0.85 for acute oral mucositis, acute dysphagia, and late dysphagia predictive models, respectively. Several areas for improvement were identified, including the need for external validation with sufficiently large sample sizes, further standardization of predictor and outcome definitions, and more comprehensive reporting to facilitate reproducibility.